Journal of the stylistic of Persian poem and prose
volume Number 13، number In Volume 3، June 2020 ، issue Number 49

Differences in Attitudes Towards Nature in the Schools of Classicism, Romanticism, Naturalism and Symbolism and Their Reflection in Contemporary Persian Poetry

Seyede Samira Seyyed Khoshk Bijari (Author in Charge)

Abstract

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: in the definitions and principles of each school, we encounter different approaches to nature. These different approaches is seen in the schools of Classicism, Romanticism, Naturalism and Symbolism. Each of these schools consider ‘special attention to nature’, ‘following and imitating nature’ or ‘naturalism’ as their priority. This has led to confusions and misunderstandings in perceptions and analyses. In this article, the difference between the perception of nature and the type of attitude towards nature in each of these literary and artistic schools have been studied, and the concept of nature in the poetry of contemporary poets has been compared with the view of the schools.

METHODOLOGY: this article is based on library studies and descriptive- analytical method.

FINDINGS: the attitudes of the authors of the four great and influential literary schools, namely Classical, Naturalist, Romanticist and Symbolist, towards a seemingly identical phenomenon, namely nature, are different, which shows the difference in styles, which also arises from the spirit of schools and changes of views and thinking is.

CONCLUSION: The Classics believed that the general nature of man is the main source of art, that is, describing and expressing good qualities and highlighting good morals and showing them as ideal lifestyle, can be seen in the descriptions of Classical Persian literature and in the contemporary poetry of Parvin Etesami. The priority of Romantics is untouched nature with all its beauties; like some poems of Nader Naderpour and Sohrab Sepehri in Persian literature. To Naturalists nature means looking at the natural sciences, paying attention to the issue of inheritance and genetics in humans, and showing the ugly human realities of man and society. This notion of nature contrasts with the nature that the Classic know; like some works of Chubak, Hedayat and dolatabadi in Persian literature. According to symbolists, all nature is a symbol of human existence and life; like some works of Nima Yoshij, Mehdi Akhavan Sales and Forough Farokhzad in Persian literature.

Keyword
Nature , Naturalism , Classicism , Romanticism , Symbolism , Modern poetry

• Sarvat, Mansour (2006), Introduction to Literary Schools, Tehran, Sokhan.
• Fahimifar, Ali Asghar (1995), From Classism to Modernism, Tehran.
• Volk, Rene (2010), translated by Saeed Arbab Shirani, Tehran, Niloufar.
• Ghobadi Yavari, AS, The Genealogy of Naturalism in Persian Poetry, Master Thesis, Mazandaran, Mazandaran University (2014).
• Parsoner, Goli (2010), Aesthetics and Nature, translated by Zahra Ghiyasi, Tehran; Roshd Amozesh.
• Blake, William (2014), Songs of Innocence and Experience, translated by Maryam Pakzadian, Isfahan.
• Dad, Sima (1992), Dictionary of Literary Terms, Tehran, Morvarid.
• Anvari, Hassan (2002), Farhang Bozorg Sokhan, Tehran, Sokhan.
• Moin .Mohammad (2004) Dictionary, Tehran Amirkabir Reed, Herbert, Philosophy of Contemporary Art, translated by Mohammad Taghi Faramarzi, Tehran Negah.
• Braheni, Reza (1983), Story Writing, Tehran; New publication.
• Baudelaire, Charles (2005), Flowers of Suffering (Selected Poems), translated by Mohammad Reza Parsayar, Tehran, Hermes.
• Dehkhoda, Ali Akbar (1373), Dictionary, Tehran University of Tehran.
• Flaubert, Gustav (2011), Madame Bovary, translated by Mehdi Sobhani Tehran; Publication Markaz.
• Seyed Hosseini, Reza (2008), Literary Schools, Tehran, Negah.
• Shamisa, Sirus (2011), Literary Schools, Tehran, Qatreh Forrest, Lillian and Peter Screen (1996), Naturalism, translated by Hassan Afshar, Tehran; Markaz.
• Baghi Nejad, A. (2006), Nima Yoshij, poet of intuition and nature, Journal of Mystical Literature and Mythology, No. 5, p. 9.
• Mirsadeghi, Meymant (1997), Dictionary of Poetic Art, Tehran; Mahnaz book.